Rum Glossary: Key Terms Every Rum Lover Should Know

ABV stands for Alcohol by Volume and indicates the percentage of pure alcohol in a spirit. Most rums are bottled between 40% and 50% ABV. Rums above 50% ABV are often labelled overproof. Cask-strength or barrel-proof rums are bottled without dilution, sometimes exceeding 70% ABV.

Additives — most commonly sugar (dosage), vanilla, or glycerol — are substances added to rum after distillation to alter its flavour or mouthfeel. Some producers add significant amounts of sugar without disclosing it on the label. The RumX community tests and rates rums for sweetness, helping you distinguish unsweetened (dry) rums from sweetened ones.

Aged rum has been matured in wooden casks — typically ex-bourbon barrels — for at least one year, though many premium rums age for 5–20+ years. Barrel ageing adds colour, complexity, and flavours such as vanilla, toffee, and oak spice. The stated age on the label should refer to the youngest rum in the blend, but practices vary by country.

Rhum Agricole is a style of rum distilled from fresh sugarcane juice rather than molasses. It is primarily produced in the French Caribbean, especially Martinique, where it is protected by an AOC appellation. Agricole rums are known for their grassy, vegetal, and floral character, particularly in their unaged (blanc) expressions.

Bagasse is the fibrous residue left after sugarcane stalks are crushed to extract juice. In Rhum Agricole production, bagasse is commonly dried and burned as fuel to power the distillery, making the process more sustainable. It has no direct impact on the rum's flavour.

Barbados is one of the oldest rum-producing islands, with a documented history dating back to the 1640s. Barbadian rums are typically distilled from molasses using both pot stills and column stills, resulting in a balanced, approachable style. Key distilleries include Foursquare and Mount Gay.

Barrel-proof or cask-strength rum is bottled directly from the cask without dilution, preserving the full intensity of flavour developed during ageing. The ABV varies by barrel but typically ranges from 55% to 70%. These bottlings are prized by enthusiasts for their uncompromised character and are often released as single casks.

A cask finish (or secondary maturation) is an additional ageing period in a different type of barrel — such as sherry, port, cognac, or wine casks — after the primary maturation. This technique adds extra layers of flavour and complexity. Many independent bottlers use cask finishes to create unique expressions.

A Coffey still (also called a patent still) is a type of continuous column still invented by Aeneas Coffey in 1830. It allows for continuous distillation and produces a lighter, cleaner spirit compared to a pot still. Many modern rum distilleries use Coffey stills for efficiency and consistency.

A column still (or continuous still) distils alcohol in a continuous process, as opposed to the batch method used by pot stills. Column-distilled rums tend to be lighter and more neutral in flavour, making them common in blended or lighter-style rums. Most large-scale rum production uses column stills.

Dark rum is a broad category referring to rums with a deep amber to black colour. The colour may come from extended barrel ageing, the addition of caramel colouring, or both. The term is not precisely defined and is used more as a marketing descriptor than a quality indicator. Always check whether the colour comes from genuine ageing.

Demerara rum refers to rum produced in Guyana, historically along the Demerara River. Today, all Guyanese rum comes from the Diamond Distillery, which operates a remarkable collection of heritage stills (wooden and metal pot stills, Coffey stills). Demerara rums are known for their rich, full-bodied, and often intensely flavoured character.

Esters are chemical compounds formed during fermentation and distillation that contribute fruity, floral, and sometimes solvent-like aromas to rum. High-ester rums, particularly from Jamaica, are prized for their intense tropical fruit character. Distilleries like Hampden are famous for producing rums with exceptionally high ester counts.

An expression is a specific version or variant of a rum within a brand's range. For example, a distillery might offer multiple expressions — a white rum, an aged rum, a cask-strength release, and a cask finish — all from the same base spirit but with different ageing or processing. The term helps distinguish between bottlings without implying one is better than another.

Funk (also called hogo, from the French haut goût, meaning "high taste") describes the pungent, intensely aromatic character found in certain rums — especially high-ester Jamaican rums. Funk can manifest as overripe tropical fruit, fermented banana, or even petrol-like notes. Distilleries like Hampden and Worthy Park are celebrated for funky rums.

An independent bottler (IB) is a company that purchases casks of rum from distilleries and bottles them under its own label. IBs often release single-cask, cask-strength bottlings with minimal intervention — no added sugar, colour, or filtration. Notable independent bottlers include Velier and Compagnie des Indes.

Jamaica is renowned for its bold, full-flavoured rums produced primarily from molasses using pot stills. Jamaican rum styles range from light column-still spirits to intensely funky, high-ester pot-still rums. The island's rum industry is regulated by the Spirits Pool, and its distilleries — including Hampden — use unique "marks" to classify their different styles.

LAA stands for Liter of Absolute Alcohol and is a unit used in the rum industry to measure production volumes independent of bottling strength. One LAA equals one litre of pure alcohol (100% ABV). It is commonly used in trade statistics and distillery output figures, allowing fair comparison between products of different strengths.

A mark (or marque) is a classification code used by Caribbean distilleries — especially in Jamaica and Guyana — to identify a specific rum recipe or production style. Each mark specifies the still type, fermentation method, and target ester level. For example, Hampden's marks include DOK, OWH, and HLCF, each producing a distinctly different rum.

Molasses is the thick, dark syrup left over after sugar is crystallised from sugarcane juice. It is the base ingredient for the vast majority of the world's rum production. Rums made from molasses tend to have a richer, sweeter profile compared to Rhum Agricole, which uses fresh sugarcane juice. The quality and origin of molasses significantly impact the final spirit.

Navy rum is a style inspired by the daily rum ration historically issued to sailors in the British Royal Navy (discontinued in 1970). Modern navy rums are typically bold, full-bodied blends bottled at 54.5% ABV or higher — the "navy strength" that would not prevent gunpowder from igniting if spilled on it. Read more in our complete guide to Navy Rum.

Overproof rum is any rum bottled above 50% ABV (or 100 British proof). While the exact threshold varies by regulation, overproof rums are generally bottled between 57% and 75% ABV. They are popular in Jamaica (Wray & Nephew White Overproof is an icon) and are frequently used in cocktails that require a more intense rum character, such as the Zombie.

A pot still is a traditional batch-distillation apparatus that produces heavier, more flavourful spirits compared to a column still. Rum made in a pot still retains more congeners and esters, giving it a richer, more complex character. Pot-still rums are the backbone of Jamaican rum and Demerara rum traditions.

Pure Single Rum is a term (not legally defined in most countries) used to describe a rum produced at a single distillery from a single base ingredient (usually molasses or sugarcane juice), distilled in a pot still, and bottled without additives. It is analogous to single malt whisky and is used by producers who emphasise transparency and authenticity.

A single-cask rum comes from one individual barrel, meaning each bottling is unique in character and limited in quantity. Single casks are popular among collectors and enthusiasts because they showcase the distinct influence of a specific barrel. They are often released by independent bottlers at cask strength.

The solera system is a fractional blending method borrowed from sherry production. Barrels are arranged in tiers; rum is drawn from the oldest tier for bottling, which is then refilled from the next tier, and so on. This means a solera rum contains a blend of many vintages. Age statements on solera rums can be misleading, as they may refer to the oldest component rather than the average age.

Spiced rum is a category of rum flavoured with spices and natural ingredients such as vanilla, cinnamon, clove, and sometimes caramel or citrus. It is typically sweeter and lower in ABV than traditional rum styles. While popular for cocktails and casual drinking, spiced rum is generally considered a distinct category from pure rum by the enthusiast community.

Tropical ageing refers to maturing rum in its country of origin, where high temperatures and humidity accelerate the interaction between spirit and wood. Compared to continental (European) ageing, tropical ageing produces faster maturation but also higher evaporation losses — the "angel's share" can reach 6–10% per year in the tropics versus 1–2% in cooler climates. This is why a tropically aged 12-year rum may have comparable maturity to a 20+ year European-aged spirit.

Wash (also called "dead wash" or "wine") is the low-alcohol liquid produced by fermenting a sugarcane-based solution — either molasses diluted with water or fresh sugarcane juice. It typically reaches 5–10% ABV before being distilled. The length and conditions of fermentation significantly influence the rum's final flavour, particularly its ester and funk profile.

White rum (also called silver or light rum) is a clear spirit that is either unaged or briefly aged and then charcoal-filtered to remove colour. White rums range from neutral column-still spirits (ideal for cocktails like the Mojito and Daiquiri) to characterful agricole blancs and funky Jamaican whites that are full of personality.